Mangrove Adaptation to Extreme Environments in Mangrove Forests

        Facing extreme environments in mangrove forests, plants adapt to a variety of ways. Physically, most typical mangrove vegetation to grow organs to survive. Such as various forms of salts in the root and leaf nodes. But there are also other forms of physiological adaptation.

        Fires Avicennia stands at the edge of the sea. Note roots breath appeared on the mud beach.Mangrove trees (Rhizophora sp.), Which normally grow in the outer zones, developing tunjang roots (stilt root) to survive the fierce waves. The types of fires (Avicennia spp.) And Sonneratia (Sonneratia spp.) Grow roots breath (pneumatophore) that emerged from the thick mud to take in oxygen from the air. Kendeka trees (Bruguiera spp.) Have knee roots (root knee), while trees nirih (Xylocarpus spp.) Rooted board that extends winding; both to support the establishment of a tree in the mud, while also getting the air for breathing. Added to this are many types of mangrove vegetation has lenticels, holes in the bark pores to breathe.      To cope with high salinity, fires excrete excess salt through glands beneath the leaves. While other species, such as Rhizophora mangle, developed a root system that is virtually impenetrable salt water. Water that has absorbed almost tasteless, approximately 90-97% of the salt content in sea water can not pass through the filter of this root. Salt which was contained in the body of plants, accumulated in old leaves and leaf drop will be wasted together.       On the other hand, given the difficulty of obtaining fresh water, mangrove vegetation should strive to maintain the water content in the body. Though tropical ocean environment that encourages high heat of evaporation. Some mangrove forest plant species capable of controlling the opening mouth of leaves (stomata) and the direction toward the surface of the leaves in the afternoon sunlight, thus reducing evaporation from the leaves